Các dạng toán về phép cộng và phép trừ phân số

$\dfrac{3}{4} - \dfrac{7}{{20}} = \dfrac{{15}}{{20}} - \dfrac{7}{{20}} = \dfrac{8}{{20}} = \dfrac{2}{5}$

$\dfrac{{65}}{{91}} + \dfrac{{ - 44}}{{55}} = \dfrac{5}{7} + \dfrac{{ - 4}}{5}$$= \dfrac{{25}}{{35}} + \dfrac{{ - 28}}{{35}} = \dfrac{{ - 3}}{{35}}$

Đáp án A: $\dfrac{{ - 4}}{{11}} + \dfrac{7}{{ - 11}} = \dfrac{{ - 4}}{{11}} + \dfrac{{ - 7}}{{11}} = \dfrac{{ - 11}}{{11}} =  - 1 < 1$ nên $A$ sai

Đáp án B: $\dfrac{{ - 4}}{{11}} + \dfrac{7}{{ - 11}} = \dfrac{{ - 4}}{{11}} + \dfrac{{ - 7}}{{11}} = \dfrac{{ - 11}}{{11}} =  - 1 < 0$ nên $B$ đúng.

Đáp án C: $\dfrac{8}{{11}} + \dfrac{7}{{ - 11}} = \dfrac{8}{{11}} + \dfrac{{ - 7}}{{11}} = \dfrac{1}{{11}} < 1$ nên $C$ sai.

Đáp án D: $\dfrac{{ - 4}}{{11}} + \dfrac{{ - 7}}{{11}} = \dfrac{{ - 11}}{{11}} =  - 1$ nên $D$ sai.

$\dfrac{3}{{13}} + \dfrac{9}{{20}} = \dfrac{{60}}{{260}} + \dfrac{{117}}{{260}} = \dfrac{{177}}{{260}}$

Vậy $x = \dfrac{{177}}{{260}}$

$\dfrac{{15}}{{20}} - x = \dfrac{7}{{16}}$

$\begin{array}{l} - x = \dfrac{7}{{16}} - \dfrac{{15}}{{20}}\\ - x =  - \dfrac{5}{{16}}\\x = \dfrac{5}{{16}}\end{array}$

$\dfrac{{ - 9}}{7} + \dfrac{{13}}{4} + \dfrac{{ - 1}}{5} + \dfrac{{ - 5}}{7} + \dfrac{3}{4}$

$= \left( {\dfrac{{ - 9}}{7} + \dfrac{{ - 5}}{7}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{{13}}{4} + \dfrac{3}{4}} \right) + \dfrac{{ - 1}}{5}$

$= \dfrac{{ - 14}}{7} + \dfrac{{16}}{4} + \dfrac{{ - 1}}{5}$

$= \left( { - 2} \right) + 4 + \dfrac{{ - 1}}{5}$

$= 2 + \dfrac{{ - 1}}{5}$

$= \dfrac{{10}}{5} + \dfrac{{ - 1}}{5}$

$= \dfrac{9}{5}$

$A = \left( {\dfrac{1}{4} + \dfrac{{ - 5}}{{13}}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{2}{{11}} + \dfrac{{ - 8}}{{13}} + \dfrac{3}{4}} \right)$

$A = \dfrac{1}{4} + \dfrac{{ - 5}}{{13}} + \dfrac{2}{{11}} + \dfrac{{ - 8}}{{13}} + \dfrac{3}{4}$

$A = \left( {\dfrac{1}{4} + \dfrac{3}{4}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{{ - 5}}{{13}} + \dfrac{{ - 8}}{{13}}} \right) + \dfrac{2}{{11}}$

$A = 1 + \left( { - 1} \right) + \dfrac{2}{{11}}$

$A = \dfrac{2}{{11}}$

$M = \left( {\dfrac{{21}}{{31}} + \dfrac{{ - 16}}{7}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{{44}}{{53}} + \dfrac{{10}}{{31}}} \right) + \dfrac{9}{{53}}$

$M = \dfrac{{21}}{{31}} + \dfrac{{ - 16}}{7} + \dfrac{{44}}{{53}} + \dfrac{{10}}{{31}} + \dfrac{9}{{53}}$

$M = \left( {\dfrac{{21}}{{31}} + \dfrac{{10}}{{31}}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{{44}}{{53}} + \dfrac{9}{{53}}} \right) + \dfrac{{ - 16}}{7}$

$M = 1 + 1 + \dfrac{{ - 16}}{7}$

$M = 2 + \dfrac{{ - 16}}{7}$

$M = \dfrac{{ - 2}}{7}$

 $N = \dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{{ - 1}}{5} + \dfrac{{ - 5}}{7} + \dfrac{1}{6} + \dfrac{{ - 3}}{{35}} + \dfrac{1}{3} + \dfrac{1}{{41}}$

$N = \left( {\dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{1}{6} + \dfrac{1}{3}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{{ - 1}}{5} + \dfrac{{ - 5}}{7} + \dfrac{{ - 3}}{{35}}} \right) + \dfrac{1}{{41}}$

$N = \dfrac{{3 + 1 + 2}}{6} + \dfrac{{\left( { - 7} \right) + \left( { - 25} \right) + \left( { - 3} \right)}}{{35}} + \dfrac{1}{{41}}$

$N = 1 + \left( { - 1} \right) + \dfrac{1}{{41}}$

$N = \dfrac{1}{{41}}$

$\begin{array}{l}\dfrac{4}{{15}} - \dfrac{2}{{65}} - \dfrac{4}{{39}}\\ = \dfrac{{52}}{{195}} - \dfrac{6}{{195}} - \dfrac{{20}}{{195}}\\ = \dfrac{{52 - 6 - 20}}{{195}}\\ = \dfrac{{26}}{{195}} = \dfrac{2}{{15}}\end{array}$

$\dfrac{5}{6} + \dfrac{{ - 7}}{8} \le \dfrac{x}{{24}} \le \dfrac{{ - 5}}{{12}} + \dfrac{5}{8}$

$\dfrac{{ - 1}}{{24}} \le \dfrac{x}{{24}} \le \dfrac{5}{{24}}$

$- 1 \le x \le 5$

$x \in \left\{ { - 1;0;1;2;3;4;5} \right\}$

Ta có:

$\dfrac{{n - 8}}{{n + 1}} + \dfrac{{n + 3}}{{n + 1}}$ $= \dfrac{{n - 8 + n + 3}}{{n + 1}}$ $= \dfrac{{2n - 5}}{{n + 1}}$ $= \dfrac{{\left( {2n + 2} \right) - 7}}{{n + 1}}$ $= \dfrac{{2\left( {n + 1} \right) - 7}}{{n + 1}}$ $= \dfrac{{2\left( {n + 1} \right)}}{{n + 1}} - \dfrac{7}{{n + 1}}$ $= 2 - \dfrac{7}{{n + 1}}$

Yêu cầu bài toán thỏa mãn nếu $\dfrac{7}{{n + 1}} \in Z$ hay $n + 1 \in Ư\left( 7 \right) = \left\{ { \pm 1; \pm 7} \right\}$

Ta có bảng:

Vậy $n \in \left\{ {0; - 2;6; - 8} \right\}$

$\begin{array}{l}B = \dfrac{{31}}{{23}} - \left( {\dfrac{7}{{30}} + \dfrac{8}{{23}}} \right)\\B = \dfrac{{31}}{{23}} - \dfrac{7}{{30}} - \dfrac{8}{{23}}\\B = \left( {\dfrac{{31}}{{23}} - \dfrac{8}{{23}}} \right) - \dfrac{7}{{30}}\\B = 1 - \dfrac{7}{{30}}\\B = \dfrac{{23}}{{30}}\end{array}$

$\dfrac{{15}}{{41}} + \dfrac{{ - 138}}{{41}} \le x < \dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{1}{3} + \dfrac{1}{6}$

$- 3 \le x < 1$

$x \in \left\{ { - 3; - 2; - 1;0} \right\}$

Vậy có tất cả $4$ giá trị của $x$

$\begin{array}{l}M = \left( {\dfrac{1}{3} + \dfrac{{12}}{{67}} + \dfrac{{13}}{{41}}} \right) - \left( {\dfrac{{79}}{{67}} - \dfrac{{28}}{{41}}} \right)\\M = \dfrac{1}{3} + \dfrac{{12}}{{67}} + \dfrac{{13}}{{41}} - \dfrac{{79}}{{67}} + \dfrac{{28}}{{41}}\\M = \dfrac{1}{3} + \left( {\dfrac{{12}}{{67}} - \dfrac{{79}}{{67}}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{{13}}{{41}} + \dfrac{{28}}{{41}}} \right)\\M = \dfrac{1}{3} + \left( { - 1} \right) + 1\\M = \dfrac{1}{3}\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}N = \dfrac{{38}}{{45}} - \left( {\dfrac{8}{{45}} - \dfrac{{17}}{{51}} - \dfrac{3}{{11}}} \right)\\N = \dfrac{{38}}{{45}} - \dfrac{8}{{45}} + \dfrac{{17}}{{51}} + \dfrac{3}{{11}}\\N = \left( {\dfrac{{38}}{{45}} - \dfrac{8}{{45}}} \right) + \dfrac{{17}}{{51}} + \dfrac{3}{{11}}\\N = \dfrac{2}{3} + \dfrac{1}{3} + \dfrac{3}{{11}}\\N = 1 + \dfrac{3}{{11}}\\N = \dfrac{{14}}{{11}}\end{array}$

Vì $\dfrac{1}{3} < 1 < \dfrac{{14}}{{11}}$ nên $M < 1 < N$

$\begin{array}{l}x - \dfrac{{ - 7}}{{12}} = \dfrac{{17}}{{18}} - \dfrac{1}{9}\\x - \dfrac{{ - 7}}{{12}} = \dfrac{5}{6}\\x = \dfrac{5}{6} + \dfrac{{ - 7}}{{12}}\\x = \dfrac{1}{4}\end{array}$

$A = \dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{1}{6} + \dfrac{1}{{12}} +  \ldots  + \dfrac{1}{{99.100}}$

$A = \dfrac{1}{{1.2}} + \dfrac{1}{{2.3}} + \dfrac{1}{{3.4}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{99.100}}$

$A = 1 - \dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{1}{2} - \dfrac{1}{3} + \dfrac{1}{3} - \dfrac{1}{4} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{99}} - \dfrac{1}{{100}}$

$A = 1 - \dfrac{1}{{100}} = \dfrac{{99}}{{100}}$

So sánh $A$ với $\dfrac{3}{5}$ và $\dfrac{4}{5}$

Ta có: $\dfrac{3}{5} = \dfrac{{60}}{{100}};\dfrac{4}{5} = \dfrac{{80}}{{100}}$

$\Rightarrow \dfrac{{60}}{{100}} < \dfrac{{80}}{{100}} < \dfrac{{99}}{{100}}$ $\Rightarrow A > \dfrac{4}{5} > \dfrac{3}{5}$

$\begin{array}{l}\dfrac{{29}}{{30}} - \left( {\dfrac{{13}}{{23}} + x} \right) = \dfrac{7}{{69}}\\\dfrac{{13}}{{23}} + x = \dfrac{{29}}{{30}} - \dfrac{7}{{69}}\\\dfrac{{13}}{{23}} + x = \dfrac{{199}}{{230}}\\x = \dfrac{{199}}{{230}} - \dfrac{{13}}{{23}}\\x = \dfrac{3}{{10}}\end{array}$

$S = \dfrac{1}{{21}} + \dfrac{1}{{22}} + \dfrac{1}{{23}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{35}}$

$S = \left( {\dfrac{1}{{21}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{25}}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{1}{{26}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{30}}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{1}{{31}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{35}}} \right)$

$S > \left( {\dfrac{1}{{25}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{25}}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{1}{{30}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{30}}} \right) + \left( {\dfrac{1}{{35}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{35}}} \right)$

$S > \dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{6} + \dfrac{1}{7} = \dfrac{{107}}{{210}} > \dfrac{1}{2}$

Vậy $S > \dfrac{1}{2}$.

$\begin{array}{l}\dfrac{a}{5} + \dfrac{1}{{10}} = \dfrac{{ - 1}}{b}\\\dfrac{{2{\rm{a}}}}{{10}} + \dfrac{1}{{10}} = \dfrac{{ - 1}}{b}\\\dfrac{{2{\rm{a}} + 1}}{{10}} = \dfrac{{ - 1}}{b}\\\left( {2{\rm{a}} + 1} \right).b =  - 10\end{array}$

$2{\rm{a}} + 1$ là số lẻ; $2{\rm{a}} + 1$ là ước của $- 10$

Vậy có $4$ cặp số $(a;b)$ thỏa mãn bài toán.

$\dfrac{{ - 5}}{{14}} - \dfrac{{37}}{{14}} \le x \le \dfrac{{31}}{{73}} - \dfrac{{313131}}{{737373}}$

$\dfrac{{ - 5}}{{14}} + \dfrac{{ - 37}}{{14}} \le x \le \dfrac{{31}}{{73}} - \dfrac{{313131:10101}}{{737373:10101}}$

$\dfrac{{ - 42}}{{14}} \le x \le \dfrac{{31}}{{73}} - \dfrac{{31}}{{73}}$

$- 3 \le x \le 0$

$x \in \left\{ { - 3; - 2; - 1;0} \right\}$

Vậy có $4$ giá trị của $x$ thỏa mãn bài toán.