Reported Speech - Indirect Speech
(Lời tường thuật – Lời nói gián tiếp)
Khi đổi lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp - lời tường thuật, chúng la phải thực hiện bốn quy lắc sau:
a. Động từ tường thuật (Reporting verbs)
b. Ngôi (Persons).
c. Thì (Tenses)
d. Từ thời gian - nơi chốn (Time or Place Words),...
1. Động từ tường thuật (Reporting verbs):
Động từ tường thuật của Lời nói trực tiếp (Direct speech) phải được đổi phù hợp với nghĩa hoặc cấu trúc câu của Lời nói trực tiếp.
Eg.: He said, “ Do you like coffee?” => He asked me if I liked coffee.
“If I were you, I’d not buy that coat," said Mary. => Mary advised me not to buy the coat.
Ghi nhớ:
a. SAY TO không bao giờ được dùng ở Lời nói gián tiếp - Lời tường thuật.
SAY TO được thay bằng TELL
b. TELL không bao giờ được dùng ở Lời nói trực tiếp.
2. Ngôi (Persons):
a. Ngôi thứ nhất (First persons): được đổi theo ngôi cửa chủ từ cửa mệnh đề tường thuật.
E.g.: Tom said, “I bought this book yesterday."
=> Tom said (that) he had bought the book the day before.”
Tom and Ann said. “We will visit our teacher.”
=> Tom and Ann said (that) they would visit their teacher.
b. Ngôi thứ hai (Second persons)
- Động từ tường thuật không có túc từ : ngôi thứ hai thành ngôi thứ ba.
E.g.: They said, “ Do you watch TV every day?”
=> They asked if he/ she watched TV every day.
- Động từ tường thuật có túc từ: ngôi thứ hai được đổi theo ngôi của túc từ.
E.g.: Tom said to me, “You had better study hard for the exam."
=> Tom told me (that) I had better study for the exam.
Tom said to Ann, “Will you have enough time for the work?"
=> Tom asked Anna if she would have enough time for the work.
c. Ngôi thứ ha (Third persons): không đổi.
E.g.: Mary said, "They have just left for the library.”
=> May said (that) they had just left for the library.
3. Thì (Tenses):
a. Không đổi thì của lời nói trực tiếp.
a1. Khi động từ tường thuật ở Thì Hiộn tại đơn (Simple Present), Tương lai đơn (Simple Future), hay Hiện tại hoàn thành đơn (Simple Present Perfect).
E.g.: He says, “I going to study law."
=> He says (that) he is going to study law.
They’ll say, “We'll buy a new house.”
=> They”II say (that) they will buy a new house.
a2: Động từ tường thuật ở Thì Quá khứ đơn, nhưng lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lí (the truth), sự kiện hiển nhiên (an evidence), định luật khoa học hay vật lí (a law of Science or physics).
E.g.: He said. “Man is error."
=> He said (thast) man is error.
Our teacher said,” Health is more precious than gold.”
=> Our teacher said (that)health is more precious than gold.
He said, "Ice melts in the sun.”
=> He said (that) ice melts in the sun.
a3: được tường thuật ngay sau khi nói hay khi thuật lại sự kiện vẫn không đổi.
E.g.: (In class). A. “What did the teacher say?”
B. He said (that) he wants us to do our homework.
He said to me, “Hue is a quiet and peaceful city.”
=> He told me (that) Hue is a quiet and peaceful city.
a4: là mệnh đê chỉ ước muốn (a "wish" clause): theo sau động từ “WISH" hay “WOULD RATHER”, “IF ONLY”.
E.g.: He said, “I wish I had a good memory.”
=> He said he wished he had a good memory.
a5: Theo sau "It’s (high/about) time.
E.g.: He said, “It’s time we changed our way of working.”
=> He said (that) it was time they changed their way of working.
a6: Có những động từ như: USED TO, hay Modals như: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER, MIGHT, WOULD, hoặc câu điều kiện không thật (Unreal conditional sentemces ).
E.g.: If he had enough money, he would buy a bigger house ” he said
=> He said ( that) If he had enough money, he would buy a bigger house
a7: với MUST diễn tả lời khuyên.
E.g.: This book is very useful. You must read it.", Tom said to me.
=> Tom told me (that) the book was very useful and I must read it.
b. Đổi thì:
Khi động từ tường thuật ở Thì quá khứ đơn. Động từ của Lời nói trực tiếp được đổi theo quy tắc sau:
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present (simple / continuous) => Past (simple / continuous)
Past (simple / continuous) => Past Perfect (simple / continuous)
Present perfect(simple/continuous) => Past Perfect (simple/continuous)
Simple future => would / should + V (Present conditional tense)
Future continuous => would / should /….. + be + V-ing
Simple Future perfect => would / should + have + p.p.
Past Perfect (simple/continuous) => không đổi
| a. Từ chỉ thời gian |
|
|
| Direct |
| Indirect |
| now | => | then, at once, immediately |
| ago | => | before |
| tonight | => | that night |
| tomorrow | => | the next / following day |
| yesterday | => | the previous day, the day before |
| last week / month/ | => | the previous week / month |
| yesterday morning/afternoon. | => | the previous morning / afternoon/ |
| tomorrow morning / afternoon/ | => | [he next / following morning |
| the day before yesteday | => | two days before |
| the day after tomorrow | => | (in) two days'time |
| b. Từ chỉ nơi chốn |
|
|
| Direct Indirect | ||
| a. HERE => THERE : khi chỉ một địa điểm xác định E.g.: “Do you put the pen here?” he said. => He asked me if I put the pen there. |
b. HERE: được đổi thành cụm từ thích bợp tùy theo nghĩa.
E.g.: She said to me. “You sit here.”
=> She told me to sit next to her.
“Come here, John." he said.
=> He told John to come over him.
c. This / These
- This / These + từ chỉ thời gian (this / these + time word)
this / these => that / those
E.g.: “They're coming this evening," he said.
=> He said (that) they were coming that evening.
- This / These + danh từ (This / these + noun)
this / these => the
E.g.: "Is this book yours?" said Mary.
=> Mary asked me if the book was mine.
- This / these: chi thị đại từ (demonstrative pronouns).
this => it ; these => they / them
E.g.: He said, "I like this.”
=> He said (that) he liked it.
Ann said to Tom, “Please lake these into my room.
=> Ann asked Tom to take I them into her room.
