1. He had read the instructions carefully. He started the machine safely ( Use Perrfect participle) 2. They bought the house first. They asked an architect to redecorate it ( Use the word “ After “ ) 3. She cleaned the kitchen. She went shopping then ( Use “ By the time “ )

1, After he had read the instructions carefully, he started the machine safely.

2, After they had bought the house, they asked an architect to redecorate it.

3, By the time she had cleaned the kitchen, she went shopping.

1, Having read the instructions carefully, he started the machine safely.

`→` Cấu trúc phân từ hoàn thành (perfect participle): having + Vpp. Phân từ hoàn thành nhấn mạnh rằng hành động thứ nhất đã hoàn thành trước khi hành động sau bắt đầu.

`⇒` Dịch: Đã đọc hướng dẫn kĩ, anh ấy khởi động cái máy dễ dàng.

2, After they had bought the house, they asked an architect to redecorate it.

`→` Cấu trúc after ở quá khứ: After + S + had + Vpp, S + V(past): sau khi ....

`⇒` Dịch: Sau khi họ mua nhà, họ đã hỏi kiến trúc sư để tân trang lại nó.

3, By the time she went shopping, she had cleaned kitchen

`→` Cấu trúc by the time ở quá khứ:

By the time + S + V(past), S + had + Vpp: khi ... thì ...

`⇒` Dịch: Khi cô ấy đi chợ, cô ấy đã lau bếp