1/they started cleaning the hotel hall an hour ago > 2/mary hasn't been out of the country for two years > 3/this is the first time she has driven a car > 4/she hasn't spoken Japanese before >

`1.` They have cleaned the hotel hall for an hour.

`→`S + have/has + VPII + for/since + thời gian

`=` S + started/began + Ving/To V + thời gian

`2.` Mary went out of the country two years ago.

`→`It's two years since Mary last went out of the country.

`→`The last time Mary went out of the country was two years ago.

`→` Phủ định của hiện tại hoàn thành : S + have/has not + VPII + for/since thời gian

`=` S + V2/ed + time + ago

`=` It’s + time + since + S + last + V2/ed + O

`=` The last time (Lần cuối cùng) + S last + V quá khứ + was + time + ago

`3.` She has never driven a car before.

`→`This is the first time + S + have/has + VpII ( lần đầu tiên làm việc nào đó )

`=` S + have/has never + VpII + before ( chưa từng làm việc nào đó trước đây )

`4.` This is the first time she has spoken Japanese.

`→`S + have/has not + VpII + before ( chưa từng làm việc nào đó trước đây )

`=` This is the first time + S + have/has + VpII ( lần đầu tiên làm việc nào đó )